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    • Referencing and citation between modern academic study and Islam

    Referencing and citation between modern academic study and Islam

    • Posted by Hany Ismail, MSC, PMP
    • Categories Planning Discussions, Project Management
    • Date December 22, 2013
    • Comments 0 comment

    In the first module of my MSc study, i was asked to acknowledge and write an article regarding Referencing and Citation in academic study. One sentence drew my attention where (Bowden, 1996) refereed to “Some non-western cultures have historically placed emphasis on communal knowledge and showing respect through imitation.” which motivated me to search for Referencing and Citation roots in my culture. First of all i was searching in the Ancient Egypt culture, but i did not find anything. Then, when i researched on the Islamic culture, I found what i was looking for.


    What is Referencing and citation?

    Facts and common knowledge such as dates, events, and general information are not owned by anyone, and does not generally have to be referenced. However, to avoid unacknowledged use of others materials, ideas, and resources, a proper referencing and citation are required to acknowledge the sources used in your piece of work. (Richard Pears 2013).

    Where is the Referencing and Citation in Islam?

    The concept of citation and referencing exists in my culture since 1,400 years, where the early Muslims were following a certain rules to collect and document the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) “Hadith” (see sample of Hadith below). This documentation of Hadith is called “Isnad”. As (Aydemýr 2009) stated “Isnad can be defined as a chain of transmission formed by the particular inquiry about “from whom did you hear this particular hadith”, which has been passed down from one transmitter to another or from one generation to the other.”

    Hadith Sample:

    Al-Bukhari reported that: Yahya ibn Bukayr narrated to us from Al-Layth from `Uqayl from Ibn Shuhba from `Urwah from `A’ishah who said, “Whenever the Prophet was given an option between two things, he used to select the easier of the two as long as it was not sinful; but if it was sinful, he would remain far from it.”

    The phrase “Al-Bukhari reported that: Yahya ibn Bukayr narrated to us from Al-Layth from `Uqayl from Ibn Shuhba from `Urwah from `A’ishah who said” represents the chain of transmission or Isnad.The statement “Whenever the Prophet was given an option between two things…” represents the Hadith.

    Academic integrity and the ethical code between modern academic study and Islam

    Reference to (The University of Liverpool 2013) statement “Academic integrity is concerned with the ethical code that applies to the standards by which the academic community operates.” I will refer back to “Isnad” I mentioned above, regarding the ethical behavior, if anyone from the chain of transmission reported to be involved in plagiarism or unethical behavior, the whole chain and its related Hadith ignored and removed from the Hadith collection.

    Conclusion:

    Although, nowadays the referencing, citation authorship and ownership are most likely to be acknowledged and respected by the western cultures, but the concept was existing in Islam culture before any other nation, referring to Hadith Isnad. Ethical behavior was strongly considered in the Hadith citation chain as well. I hope that we nowadays keep applying what early Muslims were doing in respective of Ethical behavior and to recognize the reason behind the First word from Allah to our prophet Mohamud (Peace be upon him) “Read”.

    References:

    AYDEMÝR, H., 2009. Isnad Models in the System of Transmission of Hadith and Their Evaluation According to the Probability of Narrations Theory. Journal of Hadith Studies, 7(1), pp. 29-54.

    RICHARD PEARS, G.S., ed, 2013. Cite them right : the essential referencing guide. 9th edition edn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL, 2013, Code of Practice on Assessment Appendix L – Academic Integrity Policy. [Online]. Available: http://www.liv.ac.uk/media/livacuk/tqsd/code-of-practice-on-assessment/appendix_L_cop_assess.pdf (Accessed 16 October 2013).

     

    Tag:Academic integrity, academic study, Al-Bukhari, Ancient Egypt, citation, ethical code, Hadith, Islam, Islamic, Isnad, MSc, Muslims, non-western, plagiarism, Referencing

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    Hany Ismail, MSC, PMP
    Hany Ismail, MSC, PMP

    Hany Ismael is the founder and CEO of Planning Engineer Est. in Egypt. He has started his career back in 2003 as a site engineer, technical office engineer, planning engineer, planning manager, and finally planning department manager where he has been involved in several mega construction projects in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. In 2016, he established his own company in Egypt “Planning Engineer Est.” Hany gained his MSc degree in project management from Liverpool University-UK 2013-2016, PMP certified from PMI-USA 2010, and BSc Civil Engineer Tanta University-Egypt 2003. Hany provided more than 3,500 hours of planning and project management training on his website planningengineer.net, YouTube channel, and offline courses since 2011. He enjoys teaching project management in simple and practical way, and he developed several planning tools, techniques and courses.

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